Complicações clínicas na gravidez: uma revisão sistemática de estudos com gestantes brasileiras / Clinical complications during pregnancy: a systematic review of studies with pregnant Brazilian women

Resumo Objetivou-se descrever as principais complicações clínicas em gestantes brasileiras relatadas na literatura, identificando os fatores de exposição mais relevantes e seus desfechos na saúde materno-infantil. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2018. Foram incluídos três revisões e 36 artigos empíricos; transtornos mentais (n=9), doenças infecciosas (n=9) e morbidade materna grave (n=8) foram as principais complicações clínicas na gravidez. Ainda, quatro artigos enfocaram a determinação das principais afecções ou causas de internação, citando-se com maiores frequências a Infecção do Trato Urinário, a anemia e as doenças hipertensivas. Idade materna nos extremos reprodutivos, menor escolaridade, vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, características raciais e uso de serviços públicos de saúde foram os fatores de exposição mais relevantes. Resultados de saúde desfavoráveis associados a complicações clínicas na gravidez foram verificados nos oito artigos com esse perfil. A frequência de gestantes com complicações clínicas potenciais de ameaça à vida é elevada no país, evidenciando a importância da cobertura da atenção básica e a implantação de intervenções para sua redução e prevenção de desfechos maternos e infantis adversos.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to describe the main clinical complications among pregnant Brazilian women reported in the literature, identifying the most relevant exposure factors and their outcomes in maternal and child health. This is a systematic review of articles published between 2010 and 2018. Three reviews and 36 empirical articles were included; mental disorders (n=9), infectious diseases (n=9) and severe maternal morbidity (n=8) were the main clinical complications during pregnancy. In addition, four articles focused on determining the main conditions or causes of hospitalization, with a higher frequency of Urinary Tract Infection, anemia and hypertensive diseases. Maternal age at reproductive extremes, lower schooling, socioeconomic vulnerability, racial characteristics and the use of public health services were the most relevant exposure factors. Unfavorable health outcomes associated with clinical complications in pregnancy were verified in the eight articles with this profile. The frequency of pregnant women with potential life-threatening clinical complications is high in the country, highlighting the importance of primary care coverage and the implementation of interventions to reduce and prevent adverse maternal and child outcomes.

Condiloma acuminado y embarazo. Consideraciones en la atención prenatal / Condyloma Acuminatum and pregnancy. Considerations of the prenatal attention

Fundamento: El condiloma acuminata prevalece en la población mundial elevando su incidencia en los últimos años; afectando proporcionalmente a la población gestante. Un número elevado de embarazadas son sometidas a la operación cesárea por esta causa, elevando los riesgos de morbimortalidad perinatal. El conocimiento del modo de trasmisión durante el embarazo, las consecuencias para la descendencia y la conducta a seguir ante las verrugas genitales durante la gestación, pueden contribuir a modificar el manejo de esta enfermedad durante la atención prenatal. Objetivo: Analizar algunas evidencias necesarias para un adecuado seguimiento prenatal en las gestantes que padecen de condiloma verrucoso genital. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva y actualizada acerca de las vías de trasmisión de la madre al hijo y la conducta obstétrica en las gestantes afectadas por condilomas acuminados. Conclusiones: Las evidencias científicas que se sintetizan en la revisión nos muestran que la condilomatosis genital durante el embarazo puede ser trasmitida de la madre al hijo por diferentes vías; no evitando la cesárea electiva la infección viral al recién nacido. Diversos tratamientos aplicados de forma adecuada durante la atención prenatal pueden disminuir este riesgo.

Background: The Condyloma acuminatun prevails in the world population increasing its incidence in the last few years and affecting proportionally to the population in the gestation period. A high number of pregnant women are submissive to a caesarean operation for this cause, increasing the risk of perinatal morbimortality. The knowledge of the way of transmission during the pregnancy, the consequences for the descent and the conduct to follow in the presence of genitals wart during the gestation, can contribute to modify the management of this disease during the prenatal attention. Objective: Analyze some evidences needed for an adequate prenatal pursuit in women that suffer condyloma acuminatum in the gestation period. Development: An exhausted and actual bibliography study was done about the way of transmission from the mother to her child and the obstetric conduct in women in the gestation period affected by the condyloma acuminatum. Conclusions: The scientific evidence summarized in the study showed us that genital condylomatosis during pregnancy can be transmitted from the mother to her child by different ways, not only avoiding the elected caesarean operation the viral infection to the newborn. Different treatments applied correctly during the prenatal attention can decrease this risk.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao Near Miss Materno: inquérito populacional em uma capital do Nordeste Brasileiro / Prevalence and factors associated with Maternal Near Misses: a survey of the population in a capital city of the Brazilian Northeast

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência do near miss e de complicações no período gravídico-puerperal, identificando seus principais marcadores clínicos e de intervenção e os fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos a ele associados. Trata-se de um estudo seccional, de base populacional, probabilístico, com amostra complexa, realizado em Natal/RN, Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário validado em 848 mulheres, de 15 a 49 anos, identificadas em 8.227 domicílios de 60 setores censitários. Nas análises de associações, aplicou-se o teste Qui-quadrado e calculou-se a Razão de Prevalência (RP) com Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95% e significância de 5%. A prevalência de near miss materno foi de 41,1/1.000 NV, sendo a internação em UTI (19,1/1.000 NV) e a eclampsia (13,5/1.000 NV) os marcadores mais referidos. A prevalência de complicações no período gravídico-puerperal foi de 21,2%. A maior prevalência do near miss foi observada nas mulheres com maior idade, da raça preta/parda e com piores condições socioeconômicas. A realização de inquéritos populacionais é factível e pode acrescentar informações importantes ao estudo do near miss e seus marcadores apontam para a necessidade de fortalecimento da assistência materna para reduzir iniquidades em saúde.

The scope of this study was to determine the prevalence of near misses and complications during pregnancy and the puerperal period, identifying the main clinical and intervention markers and socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with near misses. It involved a cross-sectional, population-based and probabilistic study with multi-stage complex sampling design conducted in Natal, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A validated questionnaire was given to 848 women aged 15 to 49 identified in 8,227 households in 60 census sectors. In theanalysis of associations, the Chi-square test applied and calculated the prevalence ratio (PR) with Confidence Interval (CI) of 95% and 5% significance. The prevalence of maternal near misses was 41.1/1000LB, with hospitalization in an Intensive Care Unit (19.1/1000LB) and eclampsia (13.5/1000LB) being the most important markers. The prevalence of complications during pregnancy and the puerperal period was 21.2%. The highest prevalence of near misses was observed in older women, of black/brown race and low socioeconomic status. Conducting population surveys is feasible and may add important information to the study of near misses and the markers highlight the need for enhancing maternal care to reduce health inequality.

Análisis de costo-efectividad del uso de calcio más ácido linoleico para la prevención de la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo en mujeres con riesgo en Colombia / Cost-effectiveness analysis of using calcium plus conjugated linolenic acid for preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension in females at risk in Colombia

Objetivo: analizar la costo-efectividad del uso de calcio-ácido linoleico y control prenatal frente a calcio y control prenatal para prevenir hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (HIE) en mujeres con riesgo en Colombia, desde la perspectiva del tercero pagador. Materiales y métodos: en un árbol de decisiones se simuló la historia natural de la enfermedad. Las medidas de resultado fueron la mortalidad materna y perinatal evitadas. Los costos de los medicamentos fueron los promedios del mercado (2010). Los costos directos de atención se tomaron de aseguradores y de registros individuales de las prestaciones de salud. Resultados: la razón de costo-efectividad incremental fue menor en el brazo tratado con calcio-ácido linoleico que en el tratado con calcio para ambos desenlaces ($723.788 por año de vidas salvadas en madres y $103.741 por año de vidas salvadas en hijos frente a $4.709.708 y $2.240.294 para el brazo de solo calcio respectivamente). La comparación entre calcio-ácido linoleico y calcio revela dominancia del primero en términos de costo-efectividad incremental para ambos desenlaces, dado que es más efectivo (0,44 años de vida salvados en madres y 11,84 años de vida salvados en hijos) y menos costoso ($6.676.952) para el caso base. La razón incremental de costo-efectividad entre calcio-ácido linoleico y control prenatal sería a favor del primero tanto en el desenlace materno como perinatal.Conclusión: para Colombia, el uso de calcio-ácido linoleico es el mejor tratamiento en mujeres con riesgo de HIE, frente a calcio o control prenatal, tomando como indicador las muertes maternas y perinatales evitadas.

Objective: Analysing the cost-effectiveness of using calcium-linolenic acid and prenatal control compared to calcium and prenatal control for preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in women at risk in Colombia from a third-party payer viewpoint.Materials and methods: A decision-making tree was used for simulating PIH’s natural history. The outcomes measured were avoided maternal and perinatal mortality. Drug costs were market average (2010). Direct medical costs were taken into account from insurers and individual health benefit records.Results: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was less on the branch regarding treatment with calcium-linoleic acid than that dealing with calcium for both outcomes ($723,788 per life-year saved in mothers and $103,741 per life-year saved in children compared to $4,709,708 and $2,240,294 for the branch dealing with calcium alone, respectively). Comparing calcium-linoleic acid and calcium revealed the former’s dominance in terms of incremental cost-effectiveness for both outcomes given that it was more effective (0.44 life-years saved in mothers and 11.84 life-years saved in children) and less costly ($6,676,952) for the base case. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio between calcium-linoleic acid and prenatal control would be in favour of the former in both maternal and perinatal outcome.Conclusion: Using calcium-linoleic acid would thus represent the best treatment for females at risk for PIH in Colombia compared to calcium or prenatal control, taking avoided maternal and perinatal deaths as indicator.

Impacto do IMC no tratamento e no resultado perinatal em pacientes com diabete melito gestacional / Impact of BMI in the treatment and perinatal outcome of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: verificar os impactos do IMC, no tratamento e resultado perinatal, em pacientes com DMG. Material e métodos: foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Foram sujeitos deste estudo 258 gestantes portadoras de DMG e seus recém-nascidos, divididas em 4 grupos: baixo peso (IMC<18,5kg/m2), normopeso (IMC entre 18,5 e 24,9 kg/m2), sobrepeso (IMC25-29,9 kg/m2) e obesidade (IMC>ou=30 kg/m2). O estudo foi realizado no período de Janeiro de 2003 a março de 2008. Foram avaliados dados relacionados ao diabete e ao recém-nascido. Resultados: encontramos 10,1% de baixo peso, 63,9% normopeso, 12,4% sobrepeso e 13,6% obesas. Encontramos um aumento da média das glicemias em jejum coletadas em pacientes com IMC aumentado durante o tratamento (p=0,004), enquanto as pós-prandiais foram semelhantes (p=0,837). A necessidade do uso de insulina como terapia ocorreu independentemente do IMC da paciente (p=0,692), entretanto as doses de insulina aumentaram com o IMC (p=0,053). Referente às características do nascimento e do recém-nascido, não houve diferenças entre os 4 grupos. Conclusão: encontramos um aumento da média das glicemias em jejum coletadas durante o tratamento e da dose final de insulina conforme há aumento do IMC. Contudo, não observamos repercussões, relacionadas a esse índice, nos recém-nascidos.

Objective: to assess the impact of BMI in the treatment and perinatal outcome of patients with GDM. Methods: a retrospective cohort study was carried out. Participants of this study were 258 pregnant women suffering from GDM and their newborn infants. The women were divided into 4 groups: low (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25-29, 9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI> or = 30 kg/m2). The study was carried out from January 2003 to March 2008. Data related to diabetes and the newborn was evaluated. Results: patients were found to be 10.1% low weight, 63.9% normal weight, 12.4% overweight and 13.6% obese. According to the variables related to DMG, an increase in fasting blood glucose with TTOG and in fasting home glycemic control corresponded to an increase in BMI (p <0.05), but this has not occurred after 2hs TTOG or postprandial home glycemic control (p> 0.05). The need of using insulin as therapy occurred regardless of the patient?s BMI (p = 0692), however, insulin doses increased with BMI (p = 0053). Regarding characteristics of birth and the newborn, no differences between the 4 groups were found. Conclusion: as BMI increased, a rise in fasting blood glucose with TTOG, in fasting glycemia collected during treatment, and in the final dose of insulin was found. However, no effect in newborns was found in relation to this index.